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      Analyses: Is the Danish working time short?

      From a European perspective, the Danish working time is often described as short, and if the average hours worked by Danes in employment is compared to that of other EU countries, their working time is indeed short., However, many men and women participate in the labour market in Denmark, and taking this into account, is the Danes’ working time then actually short? This is the question that we examine in this analysis in which the Danes’ weekly working time is assessed by two different methods. In this context, we also look into groups in Denmark working more or less than the average of other European countries.,  , Major findings of the analysis: ,  , The Danish employment rate is relatively high, and Danish women have the third highest employment rate in the EU., If the working time is assessed in proportion to the number of persons in the population, the Danes’ average weekly working time is in the midrange and slightly above the EU average. The Danish working time per person in the population, however, is shorter than that of Sweden, Germany and Great Britain., The relatively short working time per person in employment is partly due to the fact that many students are working too. If students are disregarded, the Danish working time per person in employment is closer to, but still approximately one and a half hours shorter than the European countries included in the analysis., The working time per person in employment between 60 and 74 years is about the average of the European countries included in the analysis, whereas the working time per person in the population in this age group is somewhat above the average. This is because the employment rate among the 60-74-year-old Danes is relatively high., The working time for highly educated persons in Denmark is generally below the average for the European countries in the analysis, regardless if this is assessed per person in employment or per person in the population. The working time for persons with short and medium level education is marginally above the average when assessed in proportion to the number of persons in the population with short and medium level education., Get as pdf, Is the Danish working time short?, Colophone, Is the Danish working time short?, Subject group: Labour and income, Released: 6 March 2018 08:00, No. 2018:5, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact info:

      Analysis

      Publication: An Analysis of the Personal Income Distribution for Wage and Salary Earners in 1955

      Bogen indeholder en analyse af den indflydelse som social status, køn, alder og geografiske faktorer kan have på en persons løn eller indkomst.

      Publication

      Publication: Danish Input-Output Tables and Analyses 2009

      Danish Input-Output Tables and Analyses 2009

      Publication

      Analyses: Large language models and the Danish labour market

      Generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as large language models are spreading rapidly. The most prominent example is ChatGPT, which gathered more than 100 million active users within two months. This type of generative AI has the potential to change the way people work, creating opportunities for innovation and productivity gains. However, the opportunities and challenges will most likely be unequally distributed across the workforce., This analysis explores the unequal economic impact of large language models (LLMs) on the Danish Labour Market. The analysis uses the so-called AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) scores from a study of the American labour market and merges these scores with administrative data from Statistics Denmark. The AIOE scores reflect the relatedness between AI applications and human abilities connected to different occupations. Thus, the scores express potential economic impact of AI applications across occupations through either labour-augmenting or labour-displacing effects., Main conclusions:, Occupations dominated by cognitive routine tasks have the highest potential to change through large language models. , Legal Professionals, is the occupation with the highest LLM score. The occupation with the lowest score is , Painters, building structure cleaners & related trades worker, ., Economic activities influenced by cognitive abilities have higher LLM scores than activities dominated by physical tasks. The activity with the highest LLM score is , Higher Education, . The activity with the lowest score is , Building completion and finishing, ., Employed females altogether have more potential to apply large language models than employed males. However, within , Human Health & Social Work activities, women have a slightly lower LLM score than males., Employees with high personal yearly income generally have more potential to use and take advantage of large language models than employees with lower income.,  , The analysis is available in Danish here: , Store sprogmodeller og det danske arbejdsmarked,   , Get as pdf, Large language models and the Danish labour market, Colophone, Large language models and the Danish labour market, Subject group: Labour and income, Released: 8 February 2024 08:00, No. 2024:2, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact info:, Fenja Søndergaard Møller, Telephone: 39 17 30 84

      Analysis

      Analyses: The Nordics during the first phases of COVID-19

      This publication describes the Nordics during the first phases of COVID-19. The publication is the result of the Nordic Chief Statisticians' decision to publish a joint comparative analysis concerning the socioeconomic effects of COVID-19 in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden., The report presents the development of key indicators from before the first incidence of COVID-19 in March 2020 until Q3 2021 – and in some cases Q4 2021. The objective is to compare how the five Nordic countries performed during what can be described as the first phases of the COVID-19 pandemic., Get as pdf, The Nordics during the first phases of COVID-19, Colophone, The Nordics during the first phases of COVID-19, Subject group: Labour and income, Released: 31 May 2022 09:00, No. 2022:6, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact info:, Fenja Søndergaard Møller, Telephone: 39 17 30 84

      Analysis

      Analyses: Production abroad has an effect on Danish GDP

      Globalisation has created new business models. Although you can still find traditional manufacturing enterprises with factory production, development, sales and administration gathered within the Danish borders, it has become more common to spread across several countries. An increasing share of the Danish manufacturing enterprises produce their goods or some of their goods without factories in Denmark. In this way, the industrial processing does not take place in Denmark but in a factory abroa, Part of the value added from the processing in factories abroad is included in the Danish gross domestic product (GDP) because the factors of production of Danish enterprises – not least the intellectual capital – contribute to create the value of the foreign factories’ production. The intellectual capital of enterprises is based on research and development, and it is the basis for patents and other intellectual property rights that can be registered and traded. Tangible assets such as machinery and buildings are capital in the country in which they are located. Intangible assets are capital in the country in which their economic owner is registered. In this way, intangible assets are similar to aircraft or vessels, neither of which are geographically confined, but are included in the capital stock of the country in which the airline or shipping firm is registered. In this analysis, we discuss how using a foreign factory affects Danish production and value added., Main conclusions:, The production abroad of Danish manufacturing enterprises has grown considerably since it was first recorded in 2005. The increased production abroad of Danish enterprises has resulted in increased hourly productivity in manufacturing and reduced the employee com-pensation share of the value added in manufacturing., Gradually, the “factoryless” goods production of the manufacturing industry accounts for a higher share of Danish GDP than maritime transport. Factoryless production and maritime transport are characterised by their relatively small impact on Danish employment and a considerable Danish registered capital stock., Moving intangible capital and associated added value from one country to another can make GDP jump, as the Irish GDP did in 2015. This type of jump in GDP does not influ-ence gross national income (GNI) to the same extent, if the owner remains foreign. Be-cause, in the calculation of GNI, the net yield of intangible capital is transferred as factor earnings to the owner’s home country., Get as pdf, Production abroad has an effect on Danish GDP, Colophone, Production abroad has an effect on Danish GDP, Subject group: Economy, Released: 7 June 2019 08:00, No. 2019:8, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact info:

      Analysis

      Analyses: Few industrial groups contribute massively to Denmark's balance of payments surplus

      For a long period, Denmark has had a surplus on the balance of payments. The manufacturing industry contributes massively to the balance of payments surplus because the sector has extensive net exports of goods. Danish industrial groups have increasingly become globally organised producing goods across borders., Accordingly, there is a close correlation between the manufacturing industry’s investments in foreign subsidiaries and Danish exports and investment income that impacts the balance of payments statistics., As part of the examination of the international organisation of industrial groups and their significance to the Danish economy, this analysis examines investments abroad and the groups’ total contribution to the balance of payments surplus in 2018. To illustrate the presence abroad, we apply a new approach to examine the ultimate destinations for the industrial groups’ investments., Main conclusions:, The contribution by just five large industrial groups to the balance of payments surplus corre­sponds nearly to the entire Danish balance of payments surplus in 2018., The industrial groups’ total contribution to the balance of payments was DKK 297 billion in 2018, which is almost twice the total balance of payments surplus., The surplus is driven by goods exports of which an increasing part never crosses the Danish border, because the goods are produced by subsidiaries abroad., Danish industrial groups have substantial investments in subsidiaries abroad. Complex group structures often lead to investments passing through several countries before they reach their final destinations., A new method for calculating ultimate hosting countries for the investments shows that par­ticularly investments in China and Russia are channelled through other countries., Get as pdf, Few industrial groups contribute massively to Denmark's balance of payments surplus, Colophone, Few industrial groups contribute massively to Denmark's balance of payments surplus, Subject group: Economy, Released: 17 February 2020 08:00, No. 2020:05, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact info:, Mads Møller Liedig, Telephone: 39 17 34 78

      Analysis

      Analyses: How big are Danish exports and who are our main trading partners?

      In recent decades it has become more common to produce goods across national borders. Increasing globalisation challenges our understanding of what a country's exports encompass and what different statistical measures of exports show., Previously, different export statistics provided a fairly similar picture of Denmark’s exports and trading partners. However, an increasing proportion of Danish exported goods never crosses Danish borders, and that has resulted in increasing differences across the various export statistics. This analysis describes Danish exports and trading partners, based on the different export statistics., Main conclusions:, Danish exports in goods are largest when measured in Denmark’s balance of payments, where the sale of goods that have never crossed Danish borders are included as exports. Today, around a sixth of the total Danish export of goods takes place outside of Danish borders., Only goods which have crossed the Danish border are classified as exports in the international trade in goods statistics which implies that the export of goods appears lower here than in the balance of payments., Exports appear lowest when measured by Danish value added, as these calculations discount the value of the imports included in the production of the exported goods and services. Estimates from an Input-Output model in Statistics Denmark suggest that imported contents in exported goods and services constitute nearly half of the total value. , Regardless of the type of export statistics, Germany is Denmark’s most important export market., On the basis of goods which cross the Danish border, the US is Denmark’s sixth largest export market. When goods sold outside Denmark’s border are taken into account, the US is Denmark’s third largest export market., Looking at the final markets for the part of exports resulting from production in Denmark the US is the second largest export market as measured by Danish value added according to estimates in an OECD international Input-Output model., Get as pdf, How big are Danish exports and who are our main trading partners?, Colophone, How big are Danish exports and who are our main trading partners?, Subject group: Economy, Released: 5 March 2018 08:00, No. 2018:4, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact info:, Mads Møller Liedig, Telephone: 39 17 34 78

      Analysis

      Analyses: How the Danish consumption affects the world's natural resources

      The Danish consumption taps into the natural resources - not just domestically, but in major parts of the world. Our planet's resources are not infinite, and the focus on sustainability and pressure on resources is increasing., This analysis takes a closer look at the use of natural resources in the Danish economy and presents the results of the first assessment of the Danish resource footprint. The resource footprint is an attempt to account for the resources extracted from nature both in Denmark and abroad for the goods and services used in the Danish economy., Main conclusions: , Danish imports in 2016 weighed 63m tonnes. However, the production of imported goods and services is associated with an additional intermediate consumption of 70m and 21m tonnes respectively, so that total imports accounted for a resource footprint of approximately 154m tonnes in 2016., The weight of the goods exported from Denmark in 2016 was 38m tonnes, but behind the production of this was a total extraction of 102m tonnes of raw materials in Denmark and abroad. Moreover, the production of services for export required 35m tonnes of raw materials., Denmark’s resource footprint per capita is considerably bigger than the EU average. Our consumption and investments etc. required extraction of 22 tonnes of raw materials per capita, whereas the EU average was 14 tonnes., The Danish resource footprint has grown since 2013, but is lower than in 2008. Especially the consumption of goods associated with non-metallic minerals, such as stone and gravel for the construction industry, has grown., Get as pdf, How the Danish consumption affects the world's natural resources, Colophone, How the Danish consumption affects the world's natural resources, Subject group: Environment and energy, Released: 14 February 2020 08:00, No. 2020:04, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact info:, Bogomil Emilov Iliev, Telephone:

      Analysis

      Analyses: Large increase in sales of goods abroad by Danish manufacturing industries

      Globalisation means that Danish enterprises are increasingly organising their production across borders. Today, processing abroad, traditional trading with goods across borders, as well as purchases and sales of goods not crossing Danish borders (merchanting) have become closely linked. This trend has been particularly strong over the past decade., This analysis describes how enterprises organise production internationally, with special focus on Danish manufacturing industries’ production and sales abroad. The analysis is based on new figures for balance of payments and international trade in goods and ser­vices, which were published on 10 October 2016., Main conclusions of the analysis: , In 2005, Danish manufacturers sold goods abroad which were not produced in Denmark for about DKK 8 bn. In 2015, this figure had risen to more than DKK 120 bn., Sales of merchanting goods by manufacturing industries, i.e. goods purchased and sold outside of Danish borders, amounted to almost DKK 70 bn. in 2015. The merchanting goods were primarily sold in other EU countries., Purchases abroad by Danish enterprises of foreign goods for processing abroad have in­creased over ten years from virtually zero to almost DKK 16 bn. In the same period, pur­chases by Danish enterprises of processing services abroad have risen from almost DKK , 1 bn. to almost DKK 9 bn., Get as pdf, Large increase in sales of goods abroad by Danish manufacturing industries, Colophone, Large increase in sales of goods abroad by Danish manufacturing industries, Subject group: Economy, Released: 18 November 2016 09:00, No. 2016:22, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact info:, Pia Nielsen, Telephone: 39 17 31 99

      Analysis
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